Philosophy of Jainism

Philosophy of Jainism

“Jain teachings do not stand or fall on rational arguments; rather, the sole and sufficient guarantee of their validity is the Tirthankar’s omniscience. These teachings are not only regarded as unconditionally true; they are also enunciated for one specific purpose and for no other reason. That purpose is the attainment of liberation from the world’s bondage” – Lawrence A. Babb

Introduction

The ‘About Section’ of this blog emphasizes that we do not subscribe to any one specific teaching, but instead integrate both ancient and modern teachings to establish a unified path. The Serpent’s Way is rooted in esoteric teachings from diverse ancient civilizations, philosophies, religions, and mystery schools.

All ancient teachings and religions provide an esoteric route to gnosis and self-transformation, guiding individuals on an internal journey towards personal awakening. They collectively exhibit commonalities that play a vital role in the personal enlightenment process, such as meditation, celibacy, adhering to a vegan diet, fasting, and relinquishing earthly attachments, among numerous others discussed in this blog.

The main interest of the creators of this blog lies in these commonalities. These commonalities play a crucial role in mastering oneself and activating the Serpent (Kundalini). We have incarnated for two reasons: to awaken or, in other words, to evolve individually. The second reason is to expose the system and its rulers in order to end slavery.

United, these two rationales play a vital role in enhancing the collective awareness of humanity, enabling us to transition towards a more spiritually enlightened society focused on love and peace. Changing the world starts with changing oneself, and this change is based on self-mastery and awakening the inner serpent.

Jainism, one of the ancient religious traditions in India, is a rich and intricate belief system that has greatly impacted the spiritual, cultural, and social landscape of the region for more than 2500 years.

By emphasizing non-violence (ahiṃsā), asceticism (tapas), and the pursuit of liberation (mokṣa) through purification and self-realization, Jainism presents a unique perspective on reality, human existence, and the path to ultimate freedom and happiness.

The essence of Jainism is a deep respect for all life forms and a recognition of the inherent dignity and potential of every living being. According to Jain philosophy, all souls (jīvas) are eternal, conscious, and capable of infinite knowledge and bliss, yet they are caught in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (saṃsāra) due to the karmic consequences of their actions.

The ultimate objective of Jain practice is to liberate the soul from the cycle of transmigration and attain a state of eternal, blissful, and omniscient existence, called mokṣa or nirvāṇa. To accomplish this, Jainism prescribes a path of rigorous asceticism and self-discipline, based on the three jewels (ratna-traya) of right faith (samyak-darśana), right knowledge (samyak-jñāna), and right conduct (samyak-cāritra).

By cultivating these three jewels through the practice of the five great vows (mahā-vratas) of non-violence, truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacarya), and non-possession (aparigraha), Jain ascetics seek to purify their souls of the karmic matter that binds them to the world of suffering and rebirth.

Choosing the path of Jain asceticism entails a profound renunciation of worldly pleasures and a rigorous commitment to spiritual development, requiring a complete detachment from material possessions and a singular focus on inner growth.

Jain monks and nuns (sādhus and sādhvīs) embrace a life free from possessions, relationships, and worldly ties. Their existence is marked by simplicity, humility, and unwavering focus on meditation and self-examination. Traveling barefoot, they rely on the kindness of others for sustenance and lodging, while dedicating themselves to a range of practices aimed at shedding karmic burdens and advancing towards spiritual liberation.

Jain asceticism is characterized by its emphasis on fasting, meditation, and non-violence. Fasting is viewed as a powerful practice for purifying the body and mind, as well as for cultivating a sense of detachment from sensory pleasures and worldly desires.

Jain ascetics are known to observe fasts of different durations and intensities, which may include refraining from specific foods or completely abstaining from all food and water for prolonged periods. Moreover, meditation is a fundamental aspect of Jain asceticism, focusing on developing concentration, insight, and equanimity in the face of life’s ups and downs.

Jain meditation techniques include simple mindfulness and breath awareness practices, as well as complex visualizations and contemplations on the nature of the soul and the path to liberation. Nevertheless, the most significant aspect of Jain asceticism is the practice of ahiṃsā, or non-violence towards all living beings. Ahiṃsā is not only a negative injunction against harming others, but also a positive and proactive dedication to the welfare and flourishing of all life.

The devotion of Jain ascetics to practicing non-violence is truly remarkable. They take extraordinary measures to ensure that they do not harm any creature, whether it be through their actions, words, or even thoughts. This deep-rooted commitment to ahiṃsā is not limited to their ascetic lifestyle, but rather it permeates every aspect of Jain culture and belief.

As a Jain lay follower, it is important to uphold the values of non-violence, truthfulness, and non-possession in your daily life. Cultivate compassion and respect towards all living beings, and consider transitioning to a vegetarian or vegan diet to support these principles. Get involved in animal protection and welfare initiatives to contribute to a more compassionate society.

Although Jain lay followers are not held to the same rigorous standards as ascetics, they are still expected to adhere to the principles of non-violence, truthfulness, and non-possession, while cultivating empathy and reverence for all creatures. Many Jains choose to follow a vegetarian or vegan diet and support animal protection causes.

Jainism goes beyond ascetic practices and ethical guidelines; it encompasses a complex philosophical framework that delves into profound questions about human existence. Central to Jain philosophy is a distinctive ontology and metaphysics that describes a diverse and ever-changing universe, consisting of countless, timeless, and autonomous substances (dravyas), each with its own inherent characteristics.

According to Jain philosophy, reality is not a unified whole, but a complex interplay of relationships and interactions among different substances. The world we see is not an illusion, but a genuine reflection of the underlying reality, shaped by our karmic tendencies and perceptual limitations.

The Jain theory of knowledge (epistemology) embodies a pluralistic and dynamic outlook on reality, stressing the significance of diverse perspectives and modes of understanding. Jain philosophers constructed a sophisticated system of logic and argumentation, referred to as syādvāda or anekāntavāda, which asserts that every statement or proposition is only true in a relative or conditional sense, contingent on the context and viewpoint from which it is assessed.

The principle of relative or conditional truth (syādvāda) is not a form of relativism or skepticism. Rather, it acknowledges the intricate and multifaceted nature of reality. It promotes intellectual humility and open-mindedness, reminding us that no single viewpoint or ideology can possess absolute or exclusive truth. The Jain theory of knowledge is intricately linked to its ethics and soteriology.

For Jains, authentic knowledge is more than just an intellectual or cognitive achievement; it is a transformative insight that can liberate the soul from karmic bondage. By cultivating right knowledge through the study of Jain scriptures, logical reasoning, and direct spiritual experience, individuals can uncover the inherent purity and potential of the soul.

Knowledge alone is not adequate for liberation; it must be accompanied by correct faith and conduct, as demonstrated in the Jain path of asceticism and self-purification. The ultimate goal of Jain practice is not just to acquire knowledge or perform rituals, but to fundamentally change one’s essence and consciousness, and to reach a state of complete freedom, bliss, and equanimity.

The Jain belief in mokṣa or nirvāṇa represents the most elevated state of existence, transcending birth and death, pleasure and pain, attachment and aversion. Mokṣa is not a physical place, but a state of pure, boundless, and eternal consciousness, unaffected by the fluctuations of the world.

Achieving mokṣa requires Jain ascetics to undergo a long and challenging process of self-purification, gradually shedding the layers of karmic matter that bind the soul to the world of suffering and rebirth.

The journey of Jain ascetics involves much more than just self-denial and asceticism; it is a deep and life-changing exploration of self-awareness and self-fulfillment. Throughout this path, they cultivate various virtues like non-violence, truthfulness, celibacy, forgiveness, and contentment, which are not just moral guidelines but crucial instruments for spiritual purification and freedom.

The journey of Jain asceticism is not for the faint of heart, requiring immense courage, dedication, and endurance. Jain monks and nuns face numerous challenges and adversities, from the physical demands of continuous wandering and fasting to the mental and emotional obstacles of solitude, self-denial, and confronting their deepest fears and attachments.

Nevertheless, for those who follow this path with sincerity and devotion, the rewards are believed to be limitless. The Jain holy texts are replete with narratives of revered ascetics and saints who have achieved mokṣa by diligently treading the path of purification and self-realization, offering invaluable inspiration and guidance to those who aspire to emulate their spiritual journey.

It is crucial to understand that while Jain asceticism provides a route to spiritual liberation, it is not the only path available, as not everyone is destined or prepared to renounce worldly attachments in such a radical manner.

Jainism acknowledges the existence of numerous paths to mokṣa, emphasizing the importance of each individual discovering their own way based on their unique abilities and situations. Lay followers of Jainism may pursue liberation through a holistic approach that combines spiritual devotion with fulfilling worldly obligations.

They may adhere to various vows and rituals, including vegetarianism, fasting, meditation, and altruistic acts, all while actively participating in business, family life, and social engagements. The partnership between Jain ascetics and lay followers is one of reciprocal support and mutual reliance.

Ascetics depend on the lay community for their basic necessities of food, shelter, and clothing, while lay followers seek guidance, inspiration, and spiritual support from ascetics. This interdependent relationship is essential in preserving and carrying forward the Jain tradition through generations and diverse social contexts.

The Jain principles of non-violence, non-possession, and respect for all life have inspirited a growing movement of ecological awareness and action, both within India and around the world. Jain individuals and organizations have been at the forefront of efforts to promote sustainable living, animal welfare, and conservation of natural resources.

The route of Jain asceticism, emphasizing non-violence, self-discipline, and the relentless search for spiritual liberation, provides a strong challenge and warm welcome to anyone seeking a deeper comprehension of themselves and the world. It demands great courage, commitment, and humility, yet assures immeasurable rewards for those who are ready to journey it with sincerity and dedication.

Whether as monks, nuns, or lay followers, Jains worldwide draw inspiration and guidance from the teachings and examples of their great tradition. They work tirelessly for the welfare and liberation of all beings, offering a message of hope and a path to awakening in a world that is becoming more divided, distracted, and distant from its spiritual heritage.

“Soul is the central point of spiritual discipline” – Mahavira

The History and Origins of Jain Asceticism

Jainism, one of the most ancient faiths globally, has its foundations firmly established in the tradition of asceticism (तपस्या, tapasyā). The roots of Jain asceticism can be dated back to the time of the Indus Valley Civilization (around 3300 BCE-1300 BCE), as evidenced by seals portraying individuals in meditative poses, indicating the existence of asceticism.

The ascetic tradition within Jainism has developed over many centuries, with the teachings of the 24 Tirthankaras playing a crucial role in shaping its beliefs and practices. Rishabhanatha, the earliest known Tirthankara, is said to have lived millions of years ago and is also known as Adinatha. According to Jain tradition, he was the first to renounce worldly life and achieve enlightenment through ascetic practices.

Rishabhanatha’s teachings were fundamental in establishing the Jain path to liberation, with a strong emphasis on non-violence (अहिंसा, ahiṃsā), truthfulness (सत्य, satya), non-stealing (अस्तेय, asteya), celibacy (ब्रह्मचर्य, brahmacarya), and non-possession (अपरिग्रह, aparigraha). The ascetic practices in Jainism gained prominence during the time of the 24th Tirthankara, Mahavira (महावीर) (599 BCE-527 BCE).

Mahavira, a prince by birth, renounced his material life at 30 and delved into 12 years of intense ascetic practices. Upon achieving omniscience, he dedicated his later years to teaching Jainism, drawing a large community of monks, nuns, and devotees.

His teachings centered around the idea that every soul is bound by karmic matter because of its actions. Through the practice of asceticism, one can break free from this karmic bondage and achieve a state of perfect knowledge, perception, and bliss. The Jain ascetic tradition thrived post-Mahavira, with the development of monastic orders and the growth of a dedicated lay community.

Monks and nuns, referred to as sadhus (साधु) and sadhvis (साध्वी) in Jainism, follow a rigorous set of rules and partake in various ascetic practices to make progress on the path to liberation. One of the most remarkable features of Jain asceticism is the observance of sallekhana (संलेखना), a voluntary fast until death. This practice is undertaken by advanced ascetics who have attained a high level of spiritual enlightenment and want to rid themselves of their remaining karmic bonds before their passing.

Sallekhana is viewed as a means to accept death with calmness and detachment, rather than as a form of suicide. The practice is governed by strict rules and is only carried out by those who are spiritually and mentally ready. Another crucial aspect of Jain asceticism is the focus on non-violence towards all living beings. Jain ascetics adhere to strict dietary rules, abstaining from meat, honey, and root vegetables to reduce harm to living creatures.

Jain ascetics practice a unique form of fasting called ayambil (अयंबिल), where they consume only plain, unseasoned food once a day to build detachment from sensory pleasures. They engage in rigorous practices of meditation and self-discipline to purify their souls and attain spiritual liberation.

Their strict daily routine includes early rising, ablutions, meditation, yoga, scripture study, and begging for alms. Additionally, they undertake long periods of silence and solitude, known as anshan (अनशन), to deepen their spiritual practice and build detachment from worldly concerns.

As time passed, the Jain ascetic tradition evolved into two main sects: the Digambaras and the Svetambaras. Digambara monks give up all possessions, including clothing, and practice strict asceticism, while the Svetambara monks wear simple white clothes and follow a slightly less austere path. Despite these differences, both sects share the same core principles and the ultimate goal of attaining liberation through ascetic practices.

In today’s world, Jain asceticism remains a source of inspiration and influence for spiritual seekers worldwide. The Jain emphasis on non-violence, self-discipline, and detachment resonates with contemporary concerns about environmental sustainability, ethical living, and mental well-being. Many lay Jains also incorporate ascetic practices into their daily lives, such as fasting, meditation, and simple living, as a way to foster spiritual growth and live in harmony with Jain principles.

In summary, the origins of Jain asceticism can be linked to ancient periods, influenced by the teachings of the Tirthankaras, particularly Mahavira. The Jain tradition of asceticism, with its core principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and detachment, has persevered for more than two thousand years, drawing in monks, nuns, and lay practitioners dedicated to advancing on the path to liberation.

Despite the challenges of the modern era, Jain asceticism persists as a dynamic and significant spiritual heritage, offering timeless wisdom and practical strategies for fostering inner peace, compassion, and spiritual evolution.

“The Buddhists or the Jains do not depend upon God; but the whole force of their religion is directed to the great central truth in every religion, to evolve a God out of man. They have not seen the Father, but they have seen the Son. And he that hath seen the Son hath seen the Father also.” – Swami Vivekananda

Jain Dietary Practices & Their Philosophy

In Jain philosophy and ethics, dietary practices play a crucial role by showcasing the faith’s strong commitment to non-violence, compassion for all living beings, and the pursuit of spiritual purity. These practices are guided by the principle of reducing harm to living beings and limiting the accumulation of karmic matter that binds the soul to the cycle of rebirth.

Jain dietary practice is characterized by strict vegetarianism, as Jains refrain from eating meat, fish, eggs, and other animal products due to the harm it causes to living beings. The principle of ahimsa in Jainism applies to all forms of life, including animals, insects, and microorganisms.

By avoiding animal products, Jains aim to reduce their contribution to violence and suffering in the world. In addition to steering clear of animal products, many Jains choose to avoid certain vegetables like root vegetables (potatoes, onions, garlic) and underground vegetables (mushrooms, truffles). This is due to the belief that harvesting these vegetables may cause harm to small insects and microorganisms that inhabit the soil.

A few Jain communities steer clear of vegetables abundant in seeds, like eggplants and tomatoes, as they believe the seeds harbor life potential. Jain dietary traditions underscore the significance of consuming pure and uncontaminated food. Jains lean towards freshly prepared meals that haven’t been stored for long durations.

Jains abstain from eating food that has been touched or tasted by others, as they believe it transfers the karmic matter of the person who touched the food. In addition to these dietary restrictions, Jains also practice various forms of fasting and self-restraint in their eating habits.

Fasting is considered a way to purify the body and mind, develop self-control, and cultivate detachment from worldly pleasures. Jains maintain a diverse fasting practice year-round, from brief periods of abstinence to extended fasts lasting days or even weeks.

Paryushana, a significant Jain festival celebrated in August or September annually, is renowned for its fasting traditions. During the eight-day festival, Jains commit to rigorous fasting, meditation, and self-reflection. Some Jains choose to observe complete fasting during Paryushana, consuming only boiled water or abstaining from food and water entirely.

Some individuals may choose to have only one meal daily or limit their diet to specific food types. Another significant component of Jain dietary practice is the concept of mitahara, which promotes moderation in eating.

Jains are encouraged to eat only what is essential for maintaining good health and to avoid excessive consumption or wastage. They are also instructed to eat slowly and attentively, enjoying each bite and showing gratitude for the food they consume.

Jain dietary practices are deeply rooted in the Jain philosophy that views the soul as pure and unbounded. However, the soul can get trapped in the cycle of birth and death due to the accumulation of karmic matter attracted through thoughts, words, actions, and the consumption of food.

Jains strive to reduce the influx of karmic matter and cleanse the soul by following a strict vegetarian diet and practicing self-restraint in eating habits. Fasting is viewed as a potent method to detach from worldly desires and attachments, facilitating spiritual growth. Moreover, Jain dietary practices are underpinned by a profound compassion and reverence for all forms of life. According to Jain beliefs, all beings, regardless of their size or status, possess the potential for spiritual growth and liberation.

Through their commitment to avoiding animal products and reducing harm towards all forms of life, Jains strive to build a world characterized by peace and harmony, where every being can thrive. The Jain emphasis on non-violence and compassion has significantly influenced Indian society and culture, encouraging numerous individuals to embrace vegetarian or vegan lifestyles.

In recent years, the Jain philosophy of ahimsa has gained global recognition, with many people around the world embracing plant-based diets for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. It is important to recognize the deep spiritual and philosophical principles that underlie Jain dietary practices as we reflect on their significance.

Embracing mindfulness and compassion in our eating patterns enables us to develop a profound connection and reverence for all living creatures, fostering a more peaceful and sustainable world. The Jain philosophy of ahimsa highlights the interdependence of all beings and the importance of living in harmony with nature.

Whether or not we opt for a strictly Jain diet, we can all derive value from integrating the values of non-violence, self-restraint, and empathy into our lives, working towards a more equitable and compassionate world for all.

“Start the practice of self-control with some penance; begin with fasting.” – Mahavira

The Five Great Vows of Jain Monks and Nuns

The five important vows (pañca mahāvrata) are the cornerstone of Jain monastic life, crucial for the spiritual advancement and liberation of the soul. Jain monks and nuns take these vows when they join the monastic community, and adhere to them diligently and with dedication for their entire lives.

The five vows consist of:

1. Non-violence (ahiṃsā):

The commitment to ahiṃsā means refraining from causing harm to any living being, whether it is through actions, words, or thoughts. Jain ascetics practice ahimsa rigorously, ensuring they do not harm even the tiniest creatures like insects or microorganisms. They also avoid any activities that could indirectly lead to harm, such as engaging in professions involving violence or exploitation.

2. Satya (truthfulness):

Upholding satya involves always being truthful, refraining from dishonesty, deceit, and exaggeration. Jain ascetics are expected to communicate with honesty and transparency, even when faced with difficulty or disapproval. They also avoid engaging in idle gossip or speaking ill of others, as it is considered a form of violence.

3. Asteya (non-stealing):

Asteya involves honoring the property and possessions of others and refraining from taking anything without permission. Jain ascetics give up personal belongings and rely on the generosity of the lay community for their basic needs. They also avoid any actions that could be interpreted as stealing, such as using resources without consent or not returning borrowed items.

4. Brahmacarya (celibacy):

The principle of brahmacarya entails avoiding any sexual activity, whether in thought or action. Jain monks and nuns consider sexual desire to be a type of attachment that obstructs spiritual progress and results in the accrual of karmic matter. They also refrain from any actions or behaviors that could incite sexual desire, such as wearing revealing attire or participating in flirtatious conduct.

5. Aparigraha (non-possession):

The practice of aparigraha involves renouncing material attachments and leading a life of simplicity and detachment. Jain monks and nuns live without personal possessions, depending on the lay community for essentials like food, clothing, and shelter. They also avoid accumulating unnecessary belongings or engaging in activities that may lead to attachment or greed.

In addition to the five great vows, Jain monks and nuns also uphold various supplementary vows and practices to aid their spiritual growth and development. These practices include begging for food (gocarī), refraining from eating after sunset (rātri bhojana tyāga), and engaging in periodic fasting and austerities (tapa).

Begging for food is a fundamental aspect of Jain monastic life, contributing to the cultivation of humility, detachment, and dependence on the lay community. Jain monks and nuns refrain from cooking their own food, relying on the offerings of laypeople for sustenance.

They carry a small bowl called a pātra and stand silently outside the homes of laypeople, awaiting food offerings. Another significant practice in Jain monastic life is the avoidance of eating after sunset.

Jain monks and nuns hold the belief that having meals after sunset may harm small insects and microorganisms that are drawn to light or unintentionally consumed with food. By refraining from eating after dark, they aim to reduce their impact on other living beings and enhance their mindfulness and self-discipline.

The practice of periodic fasting and austerities is also a significant aspect of Jain monastic life. Jain monks and nuns practice different forms of fasting, varying from short periods of abstinence to longer fasts lasting several days or even weeks.

They also practice other forms of austerity, like meditating in challenging postures, enduring extreme temperatures, or wearing minimal clothing. The aim of these practices is to assist Jain monks and nuns in cultivating greater self-discipline, detachment, and spiritual purity.

By subjecting themselves to physical and mental challenges, they aim to transcend their ego and attachments and to realize their true nature as pure, boundless souls. The five great vows and associated practices of Jain monks and nuns have a profound impact on their daily lives and interactions with the world around them.

By living a life of simplicity, non-violence, and detachment, they seek to minimize their karmic footprint and to accelerate their progress towards spiritual liberation. The example of Jain monks and nuns acts as an inspiration and model for the lay Jain community.

Although lay Jains may not be able to observe the five great vows to the same strict degree as monks and nuns, they are encouraged to incorporate the principles of ahimsa, truthfulness, non-stealing, sexual restraint, and non-possession into their daily lives to the best of their ability.

The five great vows also have important implications for the way in which Jain monks and nuns interact with the wider society. By relinquishing personal possessions and depending on the generosity of the lay community, Jain monks and nuns develop a deep sense of interdependence and social responsibility.

They serve as a constant reminder of the importance of generosity, compassion, and selfless service in creating a more just and equitable world. However, the strict adherence to the five great vows by Jain monks and nuns may at times create difficulties in their interactions with the broader society.

For instance, the act of walking barefoot and refraining from using transportation can restrict their capacity to travel long distances or partake in specific forms of social activism. In the same way, the strict avoidance of causing harm to any living being can at times create difficulties for Jain monks and nuns in certain medical treatments or scientific research.

Nevertheless, the five great vows persist as a central and defining aspect of Jain monastic life, continuing to inspire and steer the spiritual practice of Jains across the globe. As we consider the importance of these vows, it is essential to acknowledge the deep dedication and discipline they demand, as well as the profound spiritual and ethical principles they are based on.

Ultimately, the five great vows of Jain monks and nuns serve as a reminder of the potential to lead a life of simplicity, integrity, and compassion, even in the face of a complex and evolving world. Regardless of whether we choose to embrace these vows personally, there is value in reflecting on the values and practices they represent, and in exploring how we can integrate these principles into our own lives and relationships.

In our pursuit to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the modern world, the example of Jain monks and nuns can serve as a powerful reminder of the importance of living with mindfulness, compassion, and a deep reverence for all forms of life.

By cultivating these qualities in ourselves and in our communities, we can work towards creating a more peaceful, just, and sustainable world for all.

“Brahmacharya is abstaining from Maithuna (all sexual enjoyment) forever, in all places, and all conditions, either physically, mentally or in words” – Swami Sivananda

The Place of Meditation in Jain Ascetic Life

Within Jain ascetic life, meditation, also known as dhyāna, is a fundamental practice that serves as a powerful tool for self-purification, spiritual growth, and the attainment of liberation (mokṣa). In Jain philosophy, meditation is considered an essential means of calming the mind, cultivating insight and wisdom, and breaking free from the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra).

Jain meditation traditions can be traced back to the guidance of the Tirthankaras, particularly Mahavira, who highlighted the importance of meditation in the pursuit of spiritual liberation. According to Jain scriptures, Mahavira himself spent extended periods in deep meditation and motivated his adherents to do the same.

In the context of Jain asceticism, meditation is practiced in combination with other essential principles, such as non-violence (ahiṃsā), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacarya), and non-possession (aparigraha). These principles are fundamental in establishing the necessary conditions for successful meditation, as they purify the mind and body and reduce the impact of negative emotions and desires.

Jain meditation practices encompass two primary categories: concentration meditation (dharma dhyāna) and insight meditation (śukla dhyāna). Concentration meditation entails concentrating on a single object or theme, like the breath or a mantra, to reach a state of deep mental absorption (samādhi).

This form of meditation assists in quieting the mind, diminishing distractions, and nurturing inner peace and clarity. Insight meditation, on the other hand, involves reflecting on Jain philosophical principles to cultivate understanding and wisdom.

This particular meditation method is intended to dismantle false assumptions and beliefs, and to foster a direct, experiential understanding of the true nature of reality. A key focus of Jain meditation practice involves reflecting on the soul (jīva) and its relationship to the physical world.

Jains believe that the soul is inherently pure and flawless, but becomes trapped in the cycle of birth and death due to the accumulation of karmic matter. Through meditation, Jain ascetics strive to purify the soul of its karmic entanglement and to recognize its authentic nature as a boundless, eternal consciousness.

In Jain meditation, a significant focus is placed on contemplating the impermanent and transient nature of the material world. Jains maintain that all material aspects, such as the body and sensory perceptions, are ultimately temporary and insubstantial.

Through meditation on the impermanence of the world, Jain ascetics aim to cultivate detachment and inner peace, redirecting their attention towards the eternal and unchanging essence of the soul. The meditation practices of Jains highlight the importance of showing compassion and non-violence towards all living beings.

By engaging in loving-kindness meditation, Jain ascetics work towards developing a profound sense of empathy and care for the well-being of all creatures, while spreading positive emotions like love, joy, and peace. Furthermore, Jain meditation includes the cultivation of various positive mental qualities such as patience, humility, contentment, and self-discipline.

These qualities are considered crucial for spiritual advancement and are developed through consistent meditation and the observance of Jain ethical principles. Jain ascetics typically engage in daily meditation, often dedicating several hours to silent contemplation and reflection.

Meditation is usually practiced in a seated posture, with closed eyes and a relaxed body. Additionally, Jain ascetics may also practice walking meditation and other forms of mindful movement to incorporate meditation into their daily activities.

Jain meditation practice aims to reach kevala jñāna, which signifies perfect knowledge and insight into the essence of reality. This state involves a direct experience of the true nature of the soul, unaffected by karmic matter. Jain ascetics who attain kevala jñāna are thought to have broken free from the cycle of birth and death, attaining the highest level of spiritual enlightenment.

Regular meditation is believed to offer various benefits, even for those who have not yet achieved this ultimate goal. Meditation is recognized as a powerful tool for reducing stress and anxiety, improving mental clarity and focus, and fostering a sense of inner peace and well-being.

Additionally, the practice of meditation is considered essential for the development of Jain ethical principles, such as non-violence, truthfulness, and non-attachment. By calming the mind and nurturing inner stillness, meditation helps Jain ascetics to resist negative emotions and desires, and to act in accordance with their core values and beliefs.

In recent years, the benefits of Jain meditation practices have gained increasing recognition among both Jains and non-Jains. Jain meditation has captured the interest of many individuals worldwide as a means to alleviate stress, enhance mental and physical well-being, and cultivate inner peace and wellness.

However, this practice has also faced certain obstacles and criticisms. Some contend that the focus on detachment and non-attachment in Jain meditation can result in a sense of disconnect from the world and a lack of involvement in social and political matters.

Additionally, the strict ascetic practices linked to Jain meditation have been criticized for being physically and mentally demanding, potentially excluding certain individuals. Although facing these obstacles and disapprovals, meditation still holds a crucial role in Jain ascetic life, inspiring and guiding numerous individuals on their spiritual journey.

It is vital to acknowledge the profound wisdom behind this ancient practice and contemplate how we can integrate its principles into our own lives. In the end, Jain meditation teaches us how to nurture inner peace, clarity, and wisdom in a constantly changing world. By delving into our own consciousness, we can liberate ourselves from ignorance and suffering, and discover our limitless, eternal essence.

“All breathing, existing, living, sentient creatures should not be slain, nor treated with violence, nor abused, nor tormented, nor driven away” – Mahavira

The Place of Fasting in Jain Ascetic Practices 

Fasting, known as upavāsa, उपवास  in Jainism, is a fundamental and enduring aspect of Jain asceticism. It serves as a potent method for spiritual purification, self-discipline, and detachment from worldly desires and attachments.

The term “upavāsa” translates to “to sit or stay near,” signifying the practice of staying close to one’s inner self or soul through the abstention from food and other sensual pleasures.

According to Jain philosophy, the soul (jīva) is inherently pure and flawless, but becomes ensnared in the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra) due to the accumulation of karmic matter (karman) from attachment and aversion to worldly objects and experiences.

The Jain spiritual practice aims to achieve liberation from the cycle of suffering by eliminating existing karmic matter and preventing the influx of new karmic matter through asceticism and self-purification.

Fasting is considered a potent method for breaking the cycle of attachment and desire that ties the soul to the material world. Jain ascetics strive to cultivate inner detachment and equanimity by abstaining from food and other sensual pleasures, directing their focus towards spiritual liberation.

The practice of fasting in Jain asceticism takes on various forms, depending on tradition and the practitioner’s spiritual level. Jain laypeople are encouraged to observe regular fasting periods, typically on the eighth and fourteenth days of the lunar fortnight, as a way to develop self-discipline and detachment from worldly desires.

Jain ascetics engage in a much more rigorous and demanding fasting practice, which can involve prolonged periods of complete abstention from food and water. The most extreme form of fasting in Jain asceticism is referred to as sallekhana (संलेखना) or santhara (संथारा), where individuals voluntarily and gradually reduce their food and water intake until death by starvation.

The practice of Sallekhana is typically reserved for highly evolved Jain ascetics who are nearing the end of their lives. It is considered a way to purify the soul and break free from the cycle of rebirth by completely disconnecting from the body and worldly possessions.

Sallekhana must be approached with caution, following strict rules and regulations, and under proper guidance and preparation. Jain ascetics who decide to undergo sallekhana must first obtain permission from their guru or spiritual teacher, and must go through a period of intense spiritual practice and self-purification before beginning the fast.

During the fast, the ascetic usually spends most of their time in meditation and contemplation, focusing the mind on the nature of the soul and the path to liberation. They may also recite sacred mantras or hymns, and engage in other spiritual practices such as yoga or pranayama (control of the breath).

Throughout the fast, the ascetic’s body gradually weakens and deteriorates, eventually reaching a state of complete detachment from the physical world. At this stage, the ascetic is said to have attained kevalajñāna (केवलज्ञान), or perfect knowledge and insight into the nature of reality, and to have achieved liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

However, the practice of fasting in Jain asceticism is not without its challenges and controversies. Prolonged fasting can lead to serious medical complications, including malnutrition, dehydration, and organ damage. Additionally, some have condemned sallekhana as a type of suicide and it has been prohibited in certain areas of India.

However, from a Jain perspective, fasting is seen as a powerful and transformative tool for spiritual growth and self-realization. Jain ascetics willingly embrace suffering and detachment from the body to break free from the cycle of attachment and desire, aiming to attain ultimate liberation and bliss.

Fasting is not an end in itself in Jain asceticism, but rather a means to a higher spiritual goal. The ultimate goal of Jain spiritual practice is not merely to punish or deny the body, but to develop a sense of inner purity, wisdom, and compassion that transcends the boundaries of the material world.

This viewpoint is mirrored in the Jain notion of tapas (तपस्), or ascetic practices, which are considered vital for eradicating the karmic obstacles that obstruct the soul’s authentic nature. Tapas can be demonstrated in diverse forms, such as fasting, meditation, yoga, and other physical and mental exercises, all directed towards the common goal of self-purification and spiritual liberation.

Fasting in Jain asceticism not only carries spiritual weight but also holds social and cultural importance. It is often practiced collectively, with groups of ascetics or laypeople joining together to provide mutual assistance and motivation in their spiritual quests.

In addition, the act of fasting is closely linked to important Jain festivals and rituals like Paryushan and Ayambil Oli, which include periods of rigorous fasting and spiritual reflection. These traditions serve to strengthen the sense of community and common goals among Jain devotees, while emphasizing the central role of asceticism and self-discipline in Jain spiritual life.

Fasting in Jain asceticism sheds light on the connection between the body and the soul, showcasing the insignificance of the physical form compared to the eternal soul through voluntary deprivation.

In Jain philosophy, fasting serves as a reminder of the deep connection between the physical and spiritual realms, highlighting the body’s role in spiritual growth and self-discovery. Through disciplined control over food and sensory indulgences, Jain ascetics work towards inner purification and harmonizing the body with the soul’s higher aspirations.

Simultaneously, fasting in Jainism underscores the interconnectedness of the physical and spiritual realms, emphasizing the body as a means for spiritual development and self-discovery.

Through controlling food intake and sensory indulgences, Jain ascetics aim to purify and transform themselves internally, aligning their bodies with the soul’s higher objectives.

Through willingly embracing hardship and self-denial, we can enhance our mental and spiritual strength to surmount challenges and uncover genuine happiness and fulfillment.

The practice of fasting in Jain asceticism encourages us to question our beliefs about the self and the connection between the body and the soul. Acknowledging the temporary nature of the physical world in comparison to the eternal essence of the soul allows us to cultivate a deeper perspective and purpose, living in accordance with our highest values and aspirations.

The significance of fasting in Jain ascetic practices is profound and intricate, demonstrating a deep dedication to self-purification, spiritual growth, and ultimate liberation inherent in Jain philosophy and lifestyle.

Through embracing self-discipline, detachment, and inner purification, we can strive towards fostering a more enlightened and compassionate world, and unlocking the complete potential of the human spirit.

“At the core of Jainism’s approach to health and wellness is the concept of vitality or life force (prāṇa, प्राण). According to Jain philosophy, all living beings possess an important energy that animates the body and sustains life. This energy is not only physical but also mental and spiritual, and is closely connected to the soul’s adventure of spiritual evolution and liberation. Jainism teaches that the key to maintaining and enhancing vitality is through the practice of self-discipline and the cultivation of a balanced and harmonious lifestyle” – Diohka Aesden

The Idea of Gunasthana: Phases of Spiritual Growth

Gunasthana, which represents the stages of spiritual progress, is a key element in Jain philosophy and observance. It signifies the fourteen gradual stages that a soul (jīva) must go through on its journey towards liberation (mokṣa) from the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra).

The Gunasthana model is built upon the Jain understanding of the soul’s nature and its connection to karma. In Jain philosophy, the soul is inherently pure and endowed with infinite knowledge, perception, and bliss. Nevertheless, as karmic matter accumulates, the soul becomes obscured and trapped in the cycle of rebirth.

The fourteen Gunasthanas depict the progressive process of purging and emancipation, in which the soul releases its karmic shackles and recognizes its authentic essence. Each phase is defined by a unique level of spiritual realization, along with distinct mental and behavioral attributes. The fourteen Gunasthanas are as follows:

The Gunasthana model acts as a guide for spiritual development in Jainism, outlining the different phases and achievements that a soul must go through on its journey towards liberation.

It underscores the gradual and progressive nature of spiritual growth, as well as the importance of self-discipline, renunciation, and meditation in the process of purification. One of the key aspects of the Gunasthana model is its recognition of the role of individual effort and responsibility in spiritual advancement.

The core teaching of Jainism is that the soul is inherently pure and possesses infinite potential, but it is the responsibility of each individual to put in the necessary effort and practice to realize that potential and attain liberation.

This emphasis on personal endeavor is evident in the Jain principle of puruṣārtha (पुरुषार्थ), which includes the four aims of human life: dharma (धर्म, moral duty), artha (अर्थ, wealth), kāma (काम, pleasure), and mokṣa (मोक्ष, liberation).

Although all four objectives are essential for a satisfying life, mokṣa is considered the ultimate goal, which can only be achieved through the dedicated practice of the three jewels (ratnatraya) – right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.

The Gunasthana model also recognizes the diversity of spiritual paths and experiences, understanding that each person’s spiritual journey is unique and may unfold differently depending on their karmic history, personal preferences, and life circumstances.

The Jain principle of anekāntavāda underscores the complexity of reality and the value of considering various perspectives. This doctrine promotes intellectual humility, openness, and respect for differing viewpoints, acknowledging the validity of multiple paths to spiritual liberation.

The Gunasthana model has had a profound impact on Jain spiritual practices and culture, influencing how Jains approach and comprehend the path to liberation. This has inspired a rich tradition of literature, art, and ritual centered on spiritual progress and the development of virtuous qualities.

The Jain tradition of pratikramaṇa, involving self-reflection and repentance, is deeply connected to the Gunasthana framework. Through pratikramaṇa, Jains reflect on their thoughts, words, and deeds, asking for forgiveness for any violations or departures from the path of virtue.

This practice promotes self-awareness, humility, and a dedication to ethical and spiritual growth, playing a crucial role in progressing through the stages of Gunasthana. Similarly, the Jain custom of sāmāyika, which focuses on equanimity and self-control, is closely associated with the Gunasthana model.

Through sāmāyika, Jains participate in meditation and self-reflection to foster inner peace, detachment, and equanimity. This practice helps in cultivating the mental and emotional qualities required for progressing through spiritual stages, serving as a powerful tool for purification and liberation.

In the present day, the Gunasthana model remains a significant and influential aspect of Jain philosophy and practice, with many Jains turning to it for guidance, inspiration, and personal growth through self-reflection and goal-setting.

At the same time, a growing interest in the Gunasthana model has emerged among non-Jains, especially in the fields of psychology, self-help, and personal development.

The Gunasthana model is seen as a valuable tool for understanding human growth and transformation, as well as for developing practical strategies to enhance mental and emotional well-being.

Some contemporary scholars and practitioners have also identified similarities between the Gunasthana model and other models of human development, such as Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs or Ken Wilber’s integral theory.

The comparisons drawn have emphasized the universal and cross-cultural relevance of the Jain understanding of spiritual growth, creating new opportunities for dialogue and exchange between Jain and non-Jain traditions.

Nevertheless, despite its lasting impact and significance, the Gunasthana model faces challenges and limitations. One of the main obstacles is the issue of accessibility and applicability, especially for individuals not well-versed in Jain philosophy and practice.

The Gunasthana model might be perceived as intricate and esoteric, containing numerous technical terms and concepts that could be hard for the layperson to grasp or identify with.

Additionally, the focus on renunciation and self-discipline in the higher Gunasthana stages may be viewed as impractical or unachievable for individuals immersed in worldly affairs and duties.

Another challenge arises in terms of gender and social inclusivity, especially within the traditional Jain monastic environment. Historically, the Gunasthana model has been linked mainly to male monastic traditions, often restricting women and lay practitioners from accessing the advanced spiritual levels.

In recent times, there has been a noticeable shift within Jainism towards questioning traditional gender and social hierarchies, pushing for a more inclusive and egalitarian approach to spiritual development.

Jain women and lay practitioners have been vocal in asserting their right to equal participation in the Gunasthana model, and have been instrumental in establishing new avenues for spiritual practice and leadership.

Looking towards the future in the 21st century, the Gunasthana model serves as a valuable and pertinent resource for individuals and communities seeking to foster spiritual growth, self-awareness, and inner peace.

The Gunasthana model provides a structured foundation for comprehending human transformation, helping us address the complexities of modern life and promoting a more integrated approach to personal and collective wellness.

It also urges us to critically assess our assumptions about spiritual growth and work towards fostering a more inclusive and equitable spiritual community. Recognizing the diversity of spiritual paths and experiences, and valuing the inherent dignity and potential of all beings, can foster a more just and compassionate world.

This reflects the essence of Jain philosophy and practice, embodying a transformative vision of human possibility through the concept of Gunasthana. By incorporating the wisdom and practices of this ancient tradition into our daily lives, we can progress towards self-realization and liberation, contributing to the evolution of human consciousness and culture.

“The chaste brain has tremendous energy and gigantic will power. Without chastity there can be no spiritual strength. Continence gives wonderful control over mankind. The spiritual leaders of men have been very continent and this is what gave them power” – Swami Vivekanada

Conclusion

As outlined in the introduction, the creators of this blog have examined all religions, ancient philosophies, spiritual teachings, and knowledge from ancient mystery schools. We do not adhere to any particular teachings or identify with labels.

Instead, we have synthesized teachings from ancient knowledge to establish a path for self mastery and Kundalini awakening. Truths can be found in all religions and spiritual teachings, but we also encounter half-truths, falsehoods, and misinformation, particularly within the major religions.

The Christian religion, for instance, has been twisted and distorted by those in control of this planet for their own purposes. However, from an esoteric standpoint, there is deep wisdom embedded within Christianity that the majority of people fail to perceive.

As per the ancient Zohar’s reference to all world religions, “The narratives of the doctrine are its cloak. The simple look only at the garment – that is, upon the narrative of the doctrine; more they know not. The instructed, however, see not merely the cloak, but what the cloak covers.”

Additionally, as mentioned by Clement of Alexandria, “The mysteries of the faith (are) not to be divulged to all…It is requisite to hide in a mystery the wisdom spoken.”

We are not Jains, just as we are not Gnostics, but Jainism, like all other religious and spiritual teachings, has commonalities in the quest to master the self and awaken the serpentine power within.

The main goal of Jain practice is to free the soul and achieve a state of eternal, blissful, and omniscient existence, essentially evolving spiritually towards higher consciousness like many ancient teachings. Jainism, akin to the Serpent’s Way, mandates a path of rigorous asceticism and self-discipline based on three jewels is our main focus here.

While we connect with many Jainism practices, some are viewed as too extreme. For instance, veganism, celibacy (brahmacarya), meditation, walking barefoot on the earth, and fasting are all aspects of the Serpent’s Way. Our beliefs align with those of the Jains in terms of moral philosophy, and we are in agreement that spiritual enlightenment can help break the chains of karmic bondage.

We are of the opinion that individuals on our journey do not have to let go of all their possessions to achieve spiritual enlightenment, but we do promote a simple way of life without an overabundance of material goods.

We also uphold the belief in wearing what is considered normal or casual attire. It is not obligatory to relinquish all clothing in order to achieve enlightenment. Moreover, we do not follow the practice of dry fasting, as it is considered highly advanced. We fast every month, but during our fasting period, we still drink water.

Additionally, we limit our fasting to a maximum of four consecutive days when the moon is in our zodiac sign, as explained in the following article: https://theserpentsway.com/2024/07/01/the-sacred-secretion/

We didn’t delve into Jain celibacy (brahmacarya) because our blog and Facebook page focus heavily on celibacy (brahmacarya) and sexual alchemy. Preserving sexual energy is considered the most critical key to any spiritual path and the awakening of the Kundalini.

Swami Sivananda teaches that Brahmacharya is the practice of purity in thought, speech, and behavior. It involves celibacy and self-discipline, encompassing the regulation of not only sexual desires but also all other bodily functions, to state it briefly.

Brahmacharya is crucial for those seeking success in both their material and spiritual pursuits. Neglecting it renders one unfit for worldly engagements and, more significantly, spiritual endeavors.

Brahmacharya is the commitment to abstain from sexual activity in thought, speech, and behavior, leading to Self-realization and the realization of Brahman. This state of Brahman or Tao is synonymous with the awakened consciousness of the White Dragon, which occurs when one transcends their lower instincts.

Swami Sivananda asserts that the awakened state can only be achieved and activated by retaining one’s seed and eliminating lust. Brahmacharya can be divided into two forms: physical and mental. Physical Brahmacharya focuses on disciplining the body, while mental Brahmacharya focuses on disciplining negative thoughts.

Mental Brahmacharya ensures that the mind remains free from harmful thoughts. Brahmacharya includes not only the control of reproductive organs but also the control of senses in thoughts, words, and deeds.

Wrapping up this article, I intended to offer a brief overview of one of the oldest religions in the world and in India. When exploring the Serpent’s Way, I wanted to draw comparisons between Jain asceticism, self-discipline, and self-purity to our own path.

“If you want to cultivate a habit, do it without any reservation, till it is firmly established. Until it is so confirmed, until it becomes a part of your character, let there be no exception, no relaxation of effort” – Mahavira

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-Sources-

Jainism: Ascetic Practices and Philosophy – https://amzn.to/4d0c7ql

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The Serpent's Way

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